Especially during the shedding season, many horses are susceptible to one infection or another. But even independently of this, there are increasing numbers of horses that occasionally cough or sniff. This is not normal!
What can contribute to respiratory problems?
The urge to cough is much more difficult to trigger in horses than in humans.[1] Horses don't usually cough just for fun. Of course, a classic infection can trigger a cough and a respiratory illness. However, dust and harmful gases such as ammonia can also irritate the airways and contribute to respiratory problems.[2] Dust particles, with a particle size between 2 and 7 µm, are particularly problematic. These particles are sometimes so small that they can penetrate into the small alveoli of the lungs. Mold spores, food mites, bacteria, and their endotoxins (decomposition products) can also cause respiratory problems.[3]
Allergies? – Even in horses!
Unfortunately, more and more horses are suffering from allergies. As with humans, pollen and grasses can be a cause. Certain feedstuffs, fodder mites, and mold spores can also trigger allergies in horses, which can lead to respiratory problems.
Respiratory problems do not necessarily mean coughing
But be careful: Not all horses with respiratory problems cough! Because it's difficult to trigger a cough in horses, a neglected infection may initially go unnoticed. In some horses, respiratory problems only manifest themselves through reduced respiratory function, lethargy, abdominal breathing, or rapid fatigue. If in doubt, we recommend having the horse checked by a veterinarian again.[4]
The right posture is the be-all and end-all
For affected horses, the primary treatment should be an adjustment in their housing. Plenty of fresh air and sufficient exercise are beneficial not only for sick horses. Exercise is especially important to keep the body active. Light exercise also helps clear mucus more quickly. Attention should also be paid to the correct, low-dust bedding. Last but not least, regular and thorough mucking out is an important aspect of optimal housing.
Inhalation can help
Respiratory disease should always be examined by a veterinarian. In addition to medication, some horses benefit from inhalation with special horse inhalers or a visit to a saline chamber. Inhalation can thin stubborn mucus and make it easier to cough up. Medications can also be inhaled, thus usefully complementing therapy.[5]
Alternatives to hay
Of course, care should always be taken to feed hygienically clean, low-dust feed. Haylage can be a viable alternative to hay in some cases. However, the problem is that many horses cannot tolerate haylage and react with diarrhea and loose stools. Furthermore, an opened haylage bale must be consumed quite quickly, which can be problematic, especially in warm summer temperatures.
Washed or soaked hay can bind or wash out the dust, which alleviates symptoms for many horses. Unfortunately, wet hay doesn't keep well and should be fed immediately. Especially in warm outdoor temperatures, the bacterial count in hay increases significantly within a very short time. This can also result in digestive problems.
Steamed hay can help horses with respiratory problems
To improve the hygienic quality of the feed, steaming the hay can be helpful. The high temperatures generated during the steaming process kill 99% of allergy-causing mold spores, forage mites, and bacteria. The hay is slightly moist after steaming and can be fed immediately after a brief cooling period. Another advantage is its shelf life: Steamed hay can be fed for up to 24 hours. Unlike washing, steaming hardly leaches any nutrients. Furthermore, steamed hay is generally very popular. A hay steamer can therefore be a valuable addition for horses with respiratory problems.
Don't forget concentrated feed
Quality is also crucial for concentrated feed. Concentrated feed should be stored in a cool, dry place and protected from pests. If grains like oats, for example, are not sufficiently dried, bacteria and mold can easily take hold, causing problems in the digestive tract and respiratory system. Forage mites and their droppings can also cause allergies in some horses. [6]
Feed additives containing essential oils can also be used as a supportive measure. The volatile oils are inhaled during concentrated feed intake and can have a positive effect on the respiratory system.[7]
[1] Dr. Astrid Reitz, "EVERY cough in horses is a warning signal – ways of therapy and healing": lecture as part of the Sunday morning work with Anja Beran
[2] Meyer & Coenen (2014) Horse Feeding, 6th edition, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart
[3] Graubner, C.; Jandova, V.; Gerber, V. (2011) Therapy of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases; Enke Verlag, Pferdespiegel 2011; 1: 2-8
[4] Christian, M. (2021) Cytology in respiratory problems - indication, optimized sample handling and significance of the findings, Pferdespiegel 2021; 24: 128-132, Thieme Verlag
[5] Niedermaier, G. & Gehlen, H. (2009) Possibilities of inhalation therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis in horses, Pferdeheilkunde 25 (2009) 4 (July/August) 327-332
[6] Wehnert, C. (2011) The Oat Test: Look Deep into the Glass. Cavallo Medical Knowledge.
[7] Reichling, J.; Saller, R. (2012) Fragrant oils as remedies for animals. Tierwelt, 1:18-19.
